Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes Mellitus

       Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and abnormally high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from low levels of insulin with or without abnormal resistance to insulin's effects. The characteristic symptoms are excessive urine production (polyuria), excessive thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia), blurred vision, unexplained weight loss and lethargy. These symptoms are likely to be absent if the blood sugar is only mildly elevated.

        The World Health Organization recognizes three main forms of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy), which have different causes and population distributions. While, ultimately, all forms are due to the beta cells of the pancreas being unable to produce sufficient insulin to prevent hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Type 1 diabetes is usually due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in target tissues. This causes a need for abnormally high amounts of insulin and diabetes develops when the beta cells cannot meet this demand. Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes in that it involves insulin resistance; the hormones of pregnancy can cause insulin resistance in women genetically predisposed to developing this condition.

        Diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications (hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma) may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure, retinal damage (which can lead to blindness), nerve damage (of several kinds), and microvascular damage, which may cause impotence and poor healing. Poor healing of wounds, particularly of the feet, can lead to gangrene, which may require amputation. Adequate treatment of diabetes, as well as increased emphasis on blood pressure control and lifestyle factors (such as not smoking and keeping a healthy body weight), may improve the risk profile of most aforementioned complications. In the developed world, diabetes is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly and the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, and diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis.

        In Chinese medicine, diabetes is literally called Sugar Urine or Thirst Syndrome. The condition is considered to be caused by the imbalanced function of kidneys, lungs and the spleen ( in Chinese medicine, it refers to the digestive system). Acupuncture and Chinese medicinal herbs have long been used to treat diabetes. They are frequently combined with modern medicine. 

        The most important goal of DM management is to maintain blood sugar level within range and to protect the target organs, namely, heart, kidneys, brain and the eyes. 

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